In the same period as Make in India, Bangladesh’s share of manufacturing has risen from 16 per cent to 18 per cent. Bangladesh’s GDP overall is growing at 8 per cent per year, much faster than India. And the surprising thing is that in this period Bangladesh’s garments exports have gone to $ 38 billion. India’s has fallen from $18 billion to $16 billion.
Make in India was launched in September 2014. On his website (pmindia.gov.in), the prime minister explains that for years “policymakers have been debating how to give an impetus to manufacturing in India and make India a Global Manufacturing Hub. But it is Narendra Modi, who within a matter of months, launched the ‘Make in India’ campaign to facilitate investment, foster innovation, enhance skill development, protect intellectual property & build best in class manufacturing infrastructure.”
Manufacturing is important because it is the only way in which low income nations can transition to middle and then high income ones. There is no other pathway that we know of for rural and agrarian economies to become developed nations except first through light manufacturing (garments mainly), then more complex assembly before moving to high technology. It is a fact that India does a bit of all of the above, but as the prime minister’s note indicates, the most important element is manufacturing.
In 2014, the share of manufacturing in India’s Gross Domestic Product was 15 per cent. Last year it fell to 14 per cent. Make in India failed although it has been more than five years since it was put inplace. To provide a comparison of where India stands and what the failure means, let us look at some other nations. China, which we like comparing ourselves with,has an economy more than five times the size of India’s. The share of manufacturing in its GDP is 29 per cent (double that of India’s) and has remained there 2014-2020.Vietnam’s is 16 per cent and has gone up from 13 per cent when we launched Make in India. Sri Lanka is at 16 per cent.
Thailand (27 per cent), Indonesia (19 per cent), Phillippines (19 per cent), Malaysia (21 per cent), Singapore (20 per cent). In Europe, Germany is at 20 per cent, which is not surprising because it has one of the world’s biggest automobile industries. This is the second stage of industrial development, after garments.
In the same period as Make in India, Bangladesh’s share of manufacturing has risen from 16 per cent to 18 per cent. Bangladesh’s GDP overall is growing at 8 per centper year, much faster than India. And the surprising thing is that in this period Bangladesh’s garments exports have gone to $ 38 billion. India’s has fallen from $18 billion to $16 billion. Garments are important because large numbers of semi-skilled workers, especially women, are employed. In the around 5,000 garments manufacturing units in Bangladesh, 85 per cent employees are women. Even Vietnam exports more garments in dollar terms than India, which has long had a lead in this industry but has given it up in recent years.
Manufacturing is a full-time job with a fixed salary and therefore is the sort of work preferred by people to part-time labour or making pakoras. Why has India failed at developing this? My response is that Make in India is not really a strategy, it is a logo and some words and that by itself is meaningless.
Manufacturing comes to places where you have semi-skilled workers. The quality of education in China is many times superior to that in India, as those of us who have been there and interacted with their workers know. It is more expensive to set up manufacturing in China because the cost of labour is higher. But despite that China’s share of manufacturing has not fallen in the five years that Make in India has been promoted.
The prime minister says the goal is to make India a $5-trillion economy. That is in itself not really a goal. India’s GDP will eventually reach that figure sooner or later. The question to be asked is how soon can it get there and what can the government do to quicken the pace? Those are the only important and relevant points. Here it is unclear what the answer is.
Modi’s strategy to redesign India’s economy was Make in India, but that has flopped. In fact, he doesn’t even refer to it as much any longer if I am not mistaken. All the data on that website that the PM’s ofice runs (https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/major_initiatives/make-in-india/) refers only to data from 2014 and has not even been updated.
We need an acknowledgement that this strategy has failed and that we need to develop a new one, unless we are fine with further decline in manufacturing. I do not think that is an acceptable outcome whether or not one is an admirer of the prime minister.