It is astonishing that, in the 21st century, influential individuals still act as though they were immune to legal consequences. But even more worrying is that they can indeed expect to be shielded from scrutiny over extremely serious crimes. The Jeffrey Epstein scandal is a case in point. Epstein’s crimes were not only vile; they were exacerbated by the failure of US and UK authorities to listen to the many children whom he and his powerful friends exploited and abused.
But while the Epstein affair is at least receiving global attention, the true scale of human trafficking and modern slavery remains underappreciated. The first corrective is to understand that this scourge does not require border crossing or even movement. It is about the control, coercion, and abuse of the vulnerable.
Despite many legal instruments, protocols, and commitments from bodies like the UN, as well as laws in more than 180 countries criminalising human trafficking, the demand for sexual exploitation, human organs, forced criminality, illegal adoption, forced marriage, child soldiers, and exploitative labour continues to rise.
It is no secret why: The exploitation of some 50 million children, women, and men generates at least $236 billion per year in illicit profit. Criminals are thriving from a steady supply of people – often the world’s poorest and most vulnerable – and because values like compassion, respect, and equality are increasingly being called into question or perceived as weaknesses. A more cynical politics creates gaps in governance and social unity that criminals are quick to notice and exploit.
For comparison, $236 billion exceeds the GDP of about two-thirds of the 193 UN member states, and is greater than the total official development assistance from OECD countries. Given recent reductions in ODA budgets, it has become even more important to identify and seize illicit profits from human trafficking to compensate for criminal injuries, provide victim care, return stolen wages, eliminate debt bondage, improve prevention, and strengthen enforcement.
While campaigns to raise public awareness are important, they do little to disrupt gangs, stop forced labour and child exploitation, curb the illegal organ trade, or prompt governments to ensure that their procurement is free from these crimes. Moreover, current efforts often fail to recognise the broader impact on individuals, communities, and national security.
Consider the example of a 15-year-old girl who leaves Eritrea to avoid national service and a life of rape and servitude at the behest of her military superiors. She escapes to Libya, only to be sold for sex daily until she earns enough for her exploiters to justify a place on an overcrowded boat destined for Italy, where the cycle of exploitation will be renewed.
Then there are the thousands of trafficked Vietnamese who are employed on illegal contracts tied to debt bondage each year. They are directed to jobs in China, then in Russia, and finally in Europe. In a UK trafficking case, 39 people died in a freight truck in Essex. Most had paid large sums to secure work. Ten were teenagers, the youngest aged 15. Their families had to pay the debts charged by the traffickers, as well as the high cost of repatriating their loved ones’ remains. On the high seas, many fishing fleets are crewed by Filipinos or Africans who face persistent racism, dangerous working conditions, low or even no pay, and de facto enslavement on their vessels. Many have untreated injuries such as broken bones and deep lacerations.
Yet despite there being some 50 million victims of criminal exploitation – including 22,000 children who die each year, on average, performing hazardous work in high-risk industries – the US State Department reported that only 102,027 victims were identified worldwide in 2024, with just 7,975 convictions. That works out to one conviction for every 6,270 victims. According to Praeveni Global, G20 countries together allocate only $1.6 billion to combating the problem – less than 1% of the $236 billion in annual illicit profits.
Although many relevant laws and tools are in place, greater follow-through is needed. To their credit, Australia, the UK, France, Germany, Brazil, the US, Canada, and the EU have implemented various strategies to boost supply-chain transparency. For example, Australia can restrict access to public procurement for businesses believed to have exploitation in their supply chain, the UK has mandatory reporting, and the US and Canada have banned imports linked to exploitation.
But more needs to be done. The G20 summits in the US this year and in the UK in 2027 offer opportunities for world leaders to commit finances and political will to combating human trafficking and modern slavery. Government-led action must be expanded to include intelligence gathering. Although NGOs have created tools for collecting information, only governments have the necessary authority and capacity to compile intelligence and intervene effectively.
Specifically, G20 governments should focus on six priorities. The first is to ensure accountability in business and government procurement processes. The second is to target the profits derived from criminal activities. That means establishing legal frameworks that allow for the seizure of proceeds – from hotel revenues to large-scale transactions – and for their re-allocation to ward reparations, preventive strategies, and prosecutions.
The third priority is to mandate that technological advances, such as digital platforms or cryptocurrencies, do not facilitate or contribute to exploitation. Governments must also make greater use of international instruments such as the Global Magnitsky Act or the European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters to promote effective cross-border collaboration. They should encourage international networks and agencies involved in criminal justice, professional associations, and intergovernmental bodies such as the G20 and G7 to tackle these issues. Lastly, they need to reinforce ethical standards by empowering faith groups and other segments of civil society who can keep pressure on governments to uphold their responsibilities.
The scourge of modern slavery and criminal exploitation extends far beyond the Epstein case. We don’t need lengthy inquiries or further research into the matter. The problem is well known. What we need is immediate action to address it.
The writer is the UK’s first Anti-Slavery Commissioner.
