By Bhaskar Nath Biswal
India’s journey towards gender parity in education has reached a significant milestone, one that is both cause for celebration and a stark reminder of the long road ahead. The surging enrolment of women in higher education institutions has crossed the 50% mark, transforming the demographic landscape of university campuses. This unprecedented growth is not merely a statistical anomaly but a reflection of evolving societal aspirations, greater awareness and the targeted interventions of successive governments.
Yet, as the classroom fills with bright, ambitious young women, a troubling disconnect persists between educational attainment and genuine empowerment in the broader economic and social spheres. The quantitative shift is remarkable. Recent reports indicate that in the 2023-24 academic year, female enrolment in higher education surpassed that of men, rising to over 50% of the total student body. This growth rate has been particularly pronounced in certain specialised areas, with women’s participation in work-linked and direct admission programmes seeing exponential increases, laying a critical foundation for an equitable future workforce. In many undergraduate, postgraduate and diploma courses, the number of female students per 100 male students has steadily climbed, showcasing a definitive desire among young women to pursue academic specialisation and career-oriented degrees. This is a powerful testament to the shift away from archaic cultural norms that once prioritised early marriage and domesticity over intellectual pursuit. Recognising education as the most potent vehicle for social change, the government, through bodies like the University Grants Commission (UGC), has introduced a slew of schemes and advisories aimed at bolstering this trend. This demonstrates a formal commitment to transforming the educational landscape into a multidisciplinary, inclusive and learner-centric ecosystem. However, the real scenario is one of deep-seated structural friction.
Despite women steering the education sector both as students and increasingly as teachers, these educational gains have not translated proportionally into the formal workforce. The glaring gap between the rising educational qualifications of women and their significantly lower Female Labour Force Participation Rate (FLFPR) is a national policy challenge. The policy imperative for creating an accessible ecosystem for women in learning, innovation and entrepreneurship is essential to ensure their contribution to nation-building.
For instance, in many urban centres, while women’s enrolment in higher education is high, their worker population ratio remains dramatically lower than the national average for men, indicating a massive withdrawal from the labour market. This chasm is often driven by persistent cultural and economic constraints, including societal expectations that impose a disproportionate burden of household and care responsibilities on women, concerns about personal safety during commute and at the workplace and a lack of flexible, high-quality job opportunities that align with their needs. The reality is that an educated young woman may still find herself constrained by a social structure that values her education primarily as a pre-marital asset rather than a key to lifelong economic autonomy. To truly realise the promise of these encouraging enrolment figures, policy must pivot from merely encouraging entry into higher education to ensuring successful and sustained transition into the professional world.
The conclusion, therefore, must be suggestive: the next generation of reforms should focus on structural adaptation of the labour market and institutional culture. This includes a concerted push for gender-sensitive infrastructure and implementing stronger legal frameworks against workplace discrimination. The UGC’s emphasis on promoting leadership and empowerment on campus is a welcome move, but this spirit must be extended by having institutions invite senior figures from the National Commission for Women and Parliamentary Committees to participate in these initiatives, lending them greater authority and visibility.
Crucially, it requires promoting shared parental and domestic responsibilities through greater male engagement and more family-friendly work policies across all sectors. The battle for women’s higher education is being won, but the real war is the fight for equality in earning and societal leadership, requires us to not just educate women but to fundamentally reshape the world they are entering. Only when the classroom’s success is mirrored in the marketplace will India truly harness the full potential of its educated women.
The writer is a former college principal and founder of Supporting Shoulders, an NGO
