T Jacob John and Jagdish Rattanani
There is criticism against the ICMR over its recent diktat to deliver a vaccine for Covid-19 by Independence Day, August 15. The direction is flawed and the ICMR has made itself and India lose respect. That the purpose of this frenzy was political gains rather than technological gain is obvious from the proposed date itself.
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Science is in pursuit of truth and technology for human welfare, and it has its rules of probity and procedures. Science is nourished by evidence while the unbiased gathering of evidence is sacrosanct. Politics is in pursuit of several goals with some universally accepted norms in democracies. Politics can make use of science, but there exists the Lakshman-rekha of non-interference. If the line is crossed, scientists must stand their ground and politicians will back off. They will know eventually that this is in the humanity’s interest.
Scientific medicine comes in a package of three elements – Public Health, Healthcare and Research — each with its own ethical principles and norms. Medicine believes in and practises science with its demands of ethics and honesty, and can speak truth to the powers that be. Politicians in democracies respect such sentiments even when they do not gel well with their own political or personal agenda.
If we look to our history, from kings and their palace intrigues to the way colonisation looted our wealth and self-respect, and delivered a bureaucracy born to sing in the masters’ voice, we can begin to see our weaknesses on demands of duty, character and doing what is right by the people. Activating the 1897 British Epidemic Diseases Act when the pandemic struck this time was not exactly a signal of self-respect and self-reliance, but an admission of ‘they knew India better than we’ attitude. The Act that Bal Gangadhar Tilak opposed then became the prime weapon of democratic India in 2020!
The Indian Council of Medical Research is an example of the excellent elements of the British legacy. In 1911, the British created the Indian Research Fund Association (IRFA) to promote medical research through institutions like King Institute in Chennai (Madras) and the Haffkine Institute in Mumbai (Bombay). After independence, IRFA was re-named as the Indian Council of Medical Research. In 2007, the Department of Health Research (DHR) was created under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. The secretary to the government in DHR is simultaneously the director-general of ICMR. Has that design, combining a government department with the Indian Council of Medical Research, been good, bad or worse?
When any branch of the Health Ministry needs answers to problems through research, the DHR is there to conduct, commission or encourage and fund the required research – intramural or extramural. Research is integral to scientific medicine, raising the bar constantly on public health and healthcare. As the Ministry does not have a Department of Public Health, a few functions of Public Health are handled by the existing departments, of Health Services and Health Research. Search hard and deep, and we don’t see how the executive wings of the government have used DHR and ICMR to solve problems identified by them and raised the bars constantly.
DHR and ICMR on their part had turned a Nelson’s eye on the elephant – the lack of a department of public health and its repercussions on the lack of control over innumerable communicable diseases like cholera, typhoid, chickenpox and hepatitis A. As a medical expert at the NITI Aayog put it, this is like a veritable zoo, to which a new one called Covid-19 is now added.
When the SARS-CoV 2 hit India, the ICMR’s National Institute of Virology (NIV), Pune, another legacy of colonial times, doubled up for diagnosis, diagnostic reagent-preparation and research. And NIV cultured several isolates of the coronavirus. One of them was supplied to the Bharat Biotech International Ltd in Hyderabad, for the purpose of developing an indigenous vaccine against Covid-19.
We can now see that ICMR has two guiding principles/forces, one as a government department and government-funded institution and the other being the principles of scientific medicine – ethics being sacrosanct. Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902), the physician known as the father of modern-day pathology, once observed that “medicine…as the science of human beings, has the obligation to point out problems and to attempt their theoretical solution; the politician, the practical anthropologist, must find the means for their actual solution.” It follows that the two must work in tandem, demarcating territories. When this doesn’t happen, as is the case with the Indian administrative line up, we can see tension between the government’s demands and scientific discipline. If the government wants to declare an indigenous vaccine on 15 August, the tension becomes a dilemma.
Does not the government have high calibre advisers on science, technology, vaccine trials and regulatory requirements, or did the government not want to listen? Vaccine research has both science and uncertainties. The approach of Bharat Biotech, not of the Ministry of Health, is to develop a vaccine candidate out of inactivated (rendered non-infectious) viruses. There is no guarantee that the product will be safe enough for human use or effective enough to protect the vaccinated from the coronavirus disease. Until safety is proven in Clinical Trial Phase 1 and immune response efficacy in Phase 2, the product is not yet a vaccine, but merely a candidate. If both phases are certified successful, Phase 3 can follow. Until protective efficacy against Covid-19 is proven in Phase 3, there is no vaccine for launching, only the hope of a vaccine, a lot of hard work and financial investment.
Wishes are not horses. Patience is required and the government should not be seen to be interfering in the technical processes, by which everyone gets a bad name – the nation, its scientists, the vaccine industry, the health ministry and the government itself – all for some evanescent moment of imagined glory. Of course, it is the right of the government to push. But it is the duty of the scientific community, led in this case by the ICMR, to say why the demand is in violation of its own scientific standards and ethical norms.
Dr T Jacob John is retired Professor of Clinical Virology, CMC Vellore, and past President of the Indian Academy of Pediatrics. Jagdish Rattanani is a journalist and faculty member at SPJIMR. The Billion Press.
